暗网吃瓜

Amateur scholar Raymond Borst 鈥�33 helped shape the understanding of Concord鈥檚 famous son. 鈥楽eeing a job to do,鈥� he amassed one of the world鈥檚 most extensive collections of Thoreau鈥檚 work, now housed at Rochester.

When Henry David Thoreau was born, 200 years ago this July 12, he arrived in the wake of a calamity.

In 1816, known around the world as the 鈥測ear with no summer,鈥� ash, dust, and sulfur dioxide choked the atmosphere, spewed there by the 1815 eruption of Indonesia鈥檚 volcanic Mount Tambora.

Crops failed in New England as frost conditions persisted through that summer. Farm families, including the Thoreaus soon after Henry鈥檚 birth, were driven from their land.

Thoreau鈥檚 father, John, tried to make a living as a storekeeper a few miles away. Ultimately, the family found its way back to Concord, Massachusetts, with a pencil-making business that transformed American pencil manufacturing. They never returned to the land as farmers.

But there is no American writer more closely identified with the natural world than Thoreau. Although only two of his books鈥�A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers聽(1849) and聽Walden: or, Life in the Woods聽(1854)鈥攚ere published in his lifetime, his work grew steadily in popularity after his death from tuberculosis in 1862.

His words in聽Walden聽are familiar even to people who have never opened its cover:

鈥淪implicity, simplicity, simplicity!鈥�

鈥淭he mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.鈥�

鈥淚 went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.鈥�

Among the many who have thrilled to his words was the late Raymond Borst 鈥�33.

He came by his enthusiasm incidentally. On a business trip to Chicago in the 1940s, he picked up a copy of聽Walden聽at a hotel bookshop. His wife, Anne, wanted it for her book club. Traveling home by train to Auburn, New York, Borst began to read Thoreau鈥檚 account of living a simple life near Walden Pond.

That train trip was the start of a lifelong project. Beginning modestly, the Borsts took to rare-book hunting as a pleasant way to make day trips. They contacted book dealers to say they were interested in knowing when the dealers received an unusual edition. And as time passed, Borst amassed one of the world鈥檚 most extensive Thoreau collections, which grew so large that the couple added a wing to their house to contain it.

In 1996, five years before his death at age 91, Borst donated his collection of roughly 800 items to the University, prompted in part by his long friendship with the then head of the library鈥檚 rare books department, Peter Dzwonkoski. There is a strong connection between collectors and curators, says Jessica Lacher-Feldman, the Joseph N. Lambert and Harold B. Schleifer Director of Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation. 鈥淥ur work in special collections is as much about relationships as it is with preserving and making accessible rare and unique materials.鈥�

Featuring first editions of all of Thoreau鈥檚 published books, plus a wide range of rare 19th-century magazines and pamphlets containing articles unavailable in any other form, the Raymond R. Borst Collection of Henry David Thoreau became the University鈥檚 best printed collection in American literature. It complements the libraries鈥� other 19th-century American holdings, such as collections for Frederick Douglass, abolitionists Isaac and Amy Post, and Secretary of State William Henry Seward.

In a fundamental way, Borst鈥攕unny, friendly, and devoted to his family鈥攁nd the famously odd, seemingly solitary Thoreau make an unlikely pair. But they shared a love of nature and a deep- rooted interest in the agricultural world. After Borst graduated from Rochester, he went to work for the Civilian Conservation Corps. But before long, his father asked him to return with his brother to their hometown of Auburn to take over the family鈥檚 farm-equipment business. There, Borst bought a house built in 1813 with no plumbing and little electrical wiring鈥攁 place where the Thoreau of聽Walden聽might have felt at home. He did some farming on its 160 acres and interacted daily with farmers at his business. In Thoreau, he had found a writer who had occupied a similar world.

For scholars, there have been many Thoreaus: the political Thoreau of 鈥淐ivil Disobedience,鈥� important for issues of social justice and individual rights of protest; the ecological Thoreau, one of the first great advocates of an environmental understanding of nature, the world, and the human place in it; the scientific Thoreau, whose work contributed to the formulation of scientific methodologies and intersecting natural systems of the type described by 19th-century scientists Louis Agassiz and Alexander von Humboldt.

And increasingly, an agrarian Thoreau has emerged鈥攐ne who was not just invested in wilderness, but also appreciated the human manipulation of nature and its use for human productivity. He was acutely knowledgeable about the practices of local farmers in eastern Massachusetts.

Laura Dassow Walls, the William P. and Hazel B. White Professor of English at the University of Notre Dame, is the author of聽Henry David Thoreau: A Life聽(University of Chicago Press, 2017). Released in conjunction with the bicentennial of Thoreau鈥檚 birth, the book is the first full-scale biography to be published in almost 30 years. Walls鈥檚 research makes clear that Thoreau was in constant conversation with farmers. He wasn鈥檛 a member of the Concord Farmers鈥� Club, but its membership lists correspond to his circle of friends, and his name comes up regularly in the records of the club鈥檚 meetings. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e talking to him, and he鈥檚 talking to them,鈥� she says.

鈥淚n a lot of ways, the agrarian aspect of his work and thinking is at the core of all those other understandings of Thoreau鈥攕ocial justice, environmental justice, scientific, ecological,鈥� says Walls. He wants to know why farms are failing. Friends are losing their land, and he approaches the question as a matter of social justice. He investigates how farmers could better grow their crops, and that鈥檚 a question of harnessing science. He tries to understand how land could reach a condition where nothing would grow, and that鈥檚 a question of environmental justice.

New England farmers were mortgaging their farms to afford technologies they hoped would help them prosper as the railroad forced them to compete with farmers working more fertile lands to the west, in places like New York and Ohio. When they couldn鈥檛 make their payments, they lost their farms. 鈥淭his, to him, is tragic,鈥� says Walls. 鈥淎nd a lot of this comes home to him because these are his neighbors.鈥�

Although people don鈥檛 typically think of Thoreau as a man of his community, Borst was well known for his ability to connect with others. He cocreated a local fire department, directed the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, and was president of both a regional art and history museum and an art center.

Whatever he did, he ended up being chosen to lead the group, says his daughter Cynthia Sherwood 鈥�83 (MA). 鈥淗e just thoroughly enjoyed people,鈥� she says.

In 1977, Anne Borst died, and the always busy Ray found himself at a loss. And just at that time, the University of Pittsburgh asked him to create a descriptive bibliography for Thoreau.

The work became an exhaustive catalog of Thoreau鈥檚 publications as physical objects, noting the paper on which they were printed, their ink and binding, and the circumstances of their publication. With his daughter, Borst traveled to libraries in Europe and at Harvard and to small institutions with Thoreau holdings. He did much of his writing at his cabin in the Adirondacks.

鈥淗e needed a project, and this just dropped from the sky right into his lap,鈥� says Sherwood. The University of Pittsburgh Press published聽Henry David Thoreau: A Descriptive Bibliography聽in 1982. Almost all rare-book dealers refer to Borst鈥檚 work when identifying a volume for sale. Andrea Reithmayr, Rochester鈥檚 special collections librarian for rare books and conservation, calls it an 鈥渋ncredible legacy.鈥�

A decade later, Borst published聽The Thoreau Log: A Documentary Life of Henry David Thoreau, 1817鈥�1862聽(G. K. Hall, 1992), a description鈥攃ulled from Thoreau鈥檚 own聽Journal, newspaper articles, library lending records, correspondence, and other materials鈥攐f Thoreau鈥檚 activities for as many days of his life as could be accounted for. The聽Log聽represents the very rare instance of an amateur鈥檚 work becoming a touchstone for scholars. Walls says she began her biography of Thoreau by working with the聽Log. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a treasure trove for researchers, no matter what you鈥檙e interested in,鈥� she says.

Different from critical scholarship, the聽Log聽is a compilation of coincidences and events in Thoreau鈥檚 life, curated from a vast array of sources and set in chronological order. In it, Borst creates a tactile and local Thoreau, allowing readers to follow, in minute detail, the activities of his daily life鈥攖he people he talked to, the places he went on his walks, the commentary he had on local agricultural practices.

Thoreau鈥檚 writing has been studied and commented on by people as varied as Mahatma Gandhi and Hannah Arendt. But Borst gives readers Thoreau in Concord, with his feet on the ground. He tells them not just when Thoreau and his brother built the boat they rowed down the Concord and Merrimack (in the spring of 1839), but what they named it (the 鈥淢usketaquid鈥�), how they celebrated the upcoming journey (with a 鈥渕elon spree鈥� party), and to whom Thoreau later sold the boat (novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne).

Naturalist Louis Agassiz once wrote to Thoreau, asking him to collect specimens for his museum. Thoreau did. Borst gave himself a similar task鈥攚ith the same dedication and focus that he brought to creating his collection of Thoreau鈥檚 works, he gathered little bits of information and created in the聽Log聽a museum of Thoreau鈥檚 life.

鈥淗e was the kind of person that, if he saw a job to do, he did it,鈥� says Sherwood.

础迟听Walden鈥檚 conclusion, Thoreau writes of taking a hammer in hand: 鈥淒rive a nail home and clinch it so faithfully that you can wake up in the night and think of your work with satisfaction . . . Every nail driven should be as another rivet in the machine of the universe, you are carrying on the work.鈥�

Borst listened, and so he did.

This story appeared in the July/August 2017 issue of Rochester Review, the magazine of the聽暗网吃瓜.