Researchers have applied the theory of semantic information to a realistic model capturing attributes of living systems鈥攁nd found the critical point where information matters for survival.
Living systems鈥攗nlike non-living or inanimate objects鈥攗se information about their surrounding environment to survive. But not all information from the environment is meaningful or relevant for survival. The subset of information that is meaningful, and perhaps necessary for being alive, is called semantic information.
In a new paper published in , physicists and their coauthors have, for the first time, applied this theory of semantic information to a well-known model of living systems in biology and ecology: an organism or agent foraging for resources.
Using a mathematical model, the researchers simulated how a foraging agent moves in an environment and collects information about resources. The simulations revealed what the researchers have called a semantic threshold: the critical point where information matters for the agent鈥檚 survival. Above this threshold, removing some information doesn’t affect survival, but below it, every bit of information is crucial.
By quantifying the correlations or connections between an agent and its environment, the researchers are helping to reveal the role of information in that agent鈥檚 ability to maintain its own existence.
Correlations as connections
Imagine a bird in its forest. It knows where to find the food it has stored to nourish itself. Say you move that bird 100 feet to a different part of the forest. 鈥淏y doing so, you鈥檝e cut some of the bird鈥檚 correlations or connections with its environment, but there are still enough correlations that it doesn鈥檛 affect viability, or the ability of the bird to survive,鈥� explains , the lead author of the paper and a postdoctoral associate in the at Rochester.
Now, move the bird 1,000 feet away鈥攐r, more drastically, 1,000 miles away.
鈥淓ventually, the bird is not going to know anything about its environment鈥攁ll of the connections are cut. The viability of the bird goes from not really being affected to all of a sudden starting to plummet,鈥� says Sowinski.
By contrast, moving a non-living thing like a pebble 100 feet, 1,000 feet, or even 1,000 miles away doesn鈥檛 fundamentally change the connections between the environment and the pebble. That鈥檚 because the pebble isn鈥檛 harnessing any information鈥攔elevant or irrelevant鈥攁bout its surroundings to maintain or reproduce itself.
鈥淥ne of the most basic things that life does is consume resources while navigating in space,鈥� says coauthor , a professor of physics at Rochester. 鈥淭hese new findings indicate that our way of thinking鈥攖he idea that there is relevant and irrelevant information for survival鈥攕hows promise when applied in a simple resource-foraging model. The big question now is, will our way of thinking still apply with increasingly complex models?鈥�
From particles to people: How does agency emerge?
Agency means acting with a purpose, or responding to the environment in a non-random way. That requires making meaningful connections with the environment鈥攊nteracting, reacting, and then deliberately acting in ways that are self-maintaining and self-producing.
So, when and how does agency鈥攊n an individual, in a group, or in a system鈥攅merge?
鈥淭hat鈥檚 a deep philosophical question,鈥� says coauthor Adam Frank, the Helen F. and Fred H. Gowen Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. 鈥淭he whole point of advances in science is to take questions that used to be the domain of philosophical speculation and find a way to talk about them quantitatively. This paper does that in a mathematically rigorous way.鈥�
Such a broadly applicable mathematical definition of semantic information could offer new insights across the disciplines鈥攆rom biology to cognitive science, philosophy to physics鈥攊nto how living and non-living systems are related. That鈥檚 one reason why the , a philanthropic organization that funds academic scholarship on critical topics crossing disciplinary, religious, and geographical boundaries, has supported the team鈥檚 research.
鈥淏y using this language of information theory, we鈥檙e creating a bridge between the mechanistic narratives in the physical sciences and the more informational or behavioral narratives used in the life sciences,鈥� says Sowinski.
He, like his colleagues, is energized to continue the team鈥檚 line of inquiry into the fundamental mystery of life. As Sowinski puts it, 鈥淥ur work is a promising first step to answering a bigger question: What in the world causes a lifeless rock full of pebbles to eventually be covered with purposeful entities that are interacting meaningfully with one another and their environment?鈥�
